Hollow fiber membranes are emerging popularity in wastewater treatment applications due to their excellent efficiency and versatility. These membrane structures consist of tiny fibers arranged in a matrix, providing a significant surface area for separation processes. The porous nature of hollow

PVDF membrane bioreactors are gaining a promising technology for wastewater remediation. These units offer several strengths, including robust removal rates of chemical pollutants, reduced sludge formation, and improved water quality. Moreover, PVDF membranes are known for their stability, making